From: Distant metastases in phyllodes tumours of the breast: an overview
Authors, year of publication | No. of cases | Total metastatic rate, % (no. of cases) | Metastatic rate by tumour grade, % (no. of cases) | Site(s) of metastasis | PT-related death rate, % (no. of cases) | Metastatic death rate, % (no. of cases) | Time to metastasis from diagnosis (months) | Time to death (months) | Factors associated with metastasis | Axillary lymph node metastasis, % (no. of cases) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benign | Borderline | Malignant | ||||||||||
Lindquist et al. 1982 [16] | 42 | 9.5 (4/42) | 0/3a | 0 | 4/7 | Chest wall, liver, lungs, retroperitoneum | 50.0 (5/10) | 100 (4/4) | Range 0 - 84 | PT diagnosis to death: Range 21-84 | NAb | NA |
Ward and Evans 1986c [19] | 26 | 19.2 (5/26) | - | - | - | Gastrointestinal tract, lung, spleen, thyroid, uterus | 26.9 (7/26) | 100 (5/5) | NA | PT diagnosis to death: range 6 - 32 | Stromal overgrowth | 0 |
Hawkins et al. 1992c [26] | 33 | 24.2 (8/33) | - | - | - | Bone, lung, mesentery, muscle or soft tissue, pleura, skin | 21.2 (7/33) | 87.5 (7/8) | Median 14 (range 2 - 31) | DMd to death: Median 10 (range 2 - 40) PT diagnosis to death: Median 25 (range 12 - 50) | Severe nuclear pleomorphism, stromal overgrowth, high mitotic count, infiltrating margins, large tumour size, presence of necrosis | NA |
Rowell et al. 1993 [30] | 18 | 5.6 (1/18) | 0 (0/11) | 0 (0/4) | 33.3 (1/3) | Lung, muscles | 5.6 (1/18) | 100 (1/1) | NA | PT diagnosis to death: 23 | NA | 0 |
Reinfuss et al. 1996 [7] | 170 | 15.9 (27/170) | 3.3 (3/92) | 21.1 (4/19) | 33.9 (20/59) | Bone, brain, lung | 15.9 (27/170) | 100 (27/27) | Mean 18 (range 2 - 57) | Mean 4 (range 2 - 11) | NA | 0.5 (1/70) |
de Roos et al. 1999 [39] | 38 | 10.5 (4/38) | 0 (0/15) | 0 (0/11) | 33.3 (4/12) | NA | 10.5 (4/38) | 100 (4/4) | NA | Median 17 (range 12 - 125) | Size and grade related to metastatic death | NA |
Mangi et al. 1999 [8] | 40 | 2.5 (1/40) | 2.9 (1/34) | 0 (0/3) | 0 (0/3) | NA | 2.5 (1/40) | 100 (1/1) | 36 | NA | None | NA |
Chaney et al. 2000 [9] | 101 | 7.9 (8/101) | 1.7 (1/59) | 0 (0/12) | 23.3 (7/30) | Brain, lung, pelvis | NA | 100 (8/8) | NA | NA | Stromal overgrowth, malignant histology, mastectomy | 0 |
Kapiris et al. 2001e [6] | 48 | 27.1 (13/48) | - | - | 27.1 (13/48) | Bone, lung, pleura | 35.4 (17/48) | 92.3 (12/13) | Median 25.6 (range 6 - 120) | DM to death: mean 16.6 (range 1 - 24) | Tumour size, margins | 0 |
Asoglu et al. 2004 [10] | 50 | 26.0 (13/50) | 6.3 (1/16) | 33.3 (1/3) | 35.5 (11/31) | Abdomen, bone, brain, liver, lung | 32.0 (16/50) | 100 (13/13) | Mean 53.4, median 36 (range 4 - 77) | DM to death: mean 7 (range 1 - 19) | Stromal overgrowth | 2 (1/50) |
Chen et al. 2005 [5] | 172 | 1.7 (3/172) | 0 (0/131) | 8.3 (1/12) | 6.9 (2/29) | Lung, soft tissue of neck | NA | 100 (3/3) | NA | DM to death: 5 (patient 1), 6 (patient 2). No info on 3rd patient | Stromal cellularity, stromal overgrowth, stromal atypia, mitotic activity, tumour margin, heterologous stromal elements | 0 |
Sotheran et al. 2005 [27] | 50 | 2.0 (1/50) | 0 (0/29) | 0 (0/12) | 11.1 (1/9) | Musculoskeletal chest wall | 2.0 (1/50) | 100 (1/1) | 18 | NA | NA | NA |
Abdalla et al. 2006 [11] | 79 | 12.7 (10/79) | 3.2 (1/31) | 11.1 (3/27) | 28.6 (6/21) | Bone, brain, lung | 12.7 (10/79) | 100 (10/10) | Median 14 (range 3 - 36) | DM to death: Mean 5 (range 1 - 11) | Histotypes and resection margins | 1.3 (1/79) |
Tan et al. 2006 [48] | 37 | 16.2 (6/37) | 0 (0/22) | 0 (0/9) | 100 (6/6) | Bone, lungs, pleura | 8.1 (3/37) | 50 (3/6) | NA | Mean 11.3 | NA | NA |
Cheng et al. 2006 [12] | 182 | 2.2 (4/182) | 0 (0/138) | 7.7 (1/13) | 9.7 (3/31) | Lungs | 2.2 (4/182) | 100 (4/4) | Mean 14 | Mean 6 (range 5 - 9) | None | 0 |
Belkacémi et al. 2008 [13] | 443 | 3.4 (15/443) | 0 (0/284) | 2.5 (2/80) | 16.5 (13/79) | Lung | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.2 (1/443) |
Lenhard et al. 2008 [24] | 33 | 9.1 (3/33) | 0 (0/13) | 0 (0/9) | 27.3 (3/11) | Liver, lung | 3.1 (1/32) (1 lost follow-up) | 50 (1/2) (1 lost follow-up) | Median 40 (range 4 - 56) | 26 (DM at diagnosis) | Histopathological classification | 0 |
Guillot et al. 2011 [49] | 165 | 1.2 (2/165) | 0 (0/114) | 0 (0/37) | 14.3 (2/14) | Bone, lung | 1.2 (2/165) | 100 (2/2) | NA | NA | NA | 0 |
Al-Masri et al. 2012 [40] | 43 | 14.0 (6/43) | 0 (0/16) | 0 (0/10) | 35.3 (6/17) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Expression of stromal CD10 | NA |
Jang et al. 2012 [50] | 164 | 2.4 (4/164) | 0 (0/82) | 0 (0/42) | 10.0 (4/40) | Bone, lung | 1.8 (3/164) | 75 (3/4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Tan et al. 2012 [2] | 605 | 2.0 (12/605) | 0 (0/440) | 0 (0/111) | 22.2 (12/54) | Liver, lung, pleura, soft tissue, vertebra | 2.0 (12/605) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Do et al. 2013 [51] | 179 | 2.8 (5/179) | 0 (0/103) | 0 (0/38) | 13.2 (5/38) | NA | 2.2 (4/179) | 60 (3/5) | NA | NA | None | NA |
Sawalhi and Shatti 2013 [20] | 42 | 14.3 (6/42) | 0 (0/16) | 0 (0/9) | 35.3 (6/17) | Bone, intestine, lung, thigh | NA | NA | Mean 15.9 | NA | Histological grade | 14.3 (6/42) |
Spitaleri et al. 2013 [3] | 172 | 2.3 (4/172) | 0 (0/68) | 0 (0/42) | 6.5 (4/62) | NA | 2.3 (4/172) | 75.0 (3/4) | NA | NA | Young age (<35Â years), presence of necrosis, positive surgical margins associated with increased risk of all PT-related events | NA |
Ren et al. 2014 [14] | 140 | 7.1 (10/140) | 0 (0/80) | 6.7 (2/30) | 26.7 (8/30) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Tumour grade, expression of Axl and ST6GaINAcII | NA |
Wei et al. 2014 [15] | 192 | 6.3 (12/192) | 0 (0/80) | 6.3 (4/63) | 16.3 (8/49) | Bone, liver, lung, pancreas, pleura, soft tissue, thoracic cavity | 6.3 (12/192) | 100 (12/12) | Median 26 (range 0 - 60) | DM to death: Median 10.0 (range 2.0 - 41.1) PT diagnosis to death: Median 34.3 (range 14.0 - 80.0) | Histotype, margin status | 0 |
Bumpers et al. 2015 [52] | 50 | 2.0 (1/50) | 0 (0/40) | 0 (0/3) | 14.3 (1/7) | Lung | 2.0 (1/50) | 100 (1/1) | Lung metastasis found at time of presentation | PT diagnosis to death: 4 | NA | 4 (2/50) |
Ramakant et al. 2015 [17] | 167 | 4.2 (7/167) | 0 (0/118)f | 14.3 (7/49) | Adrenal, bone, brain, duodenum, lung, mediastinal nodes, para-aortic nodes | NA | 85.7 (6/7) | Median 7 (range 0 - 156) | NAg | NA | 1.2 (2/167) (para-aortic and mediastinal nodes) | |
Demian et al. 2016 [53] | 35 | 2.9 (1/35) | 0 (0/1) | 0 (0/13) | 4.8 (1/21) | Lung | Lost follow-up | Lost follow-up | NA | NA | - | 0 |
Total | 3516 | 5.6 (196/3516) | 0.4 (7/1915) | 2.9 (18/612) | 20.0 (154/770) | Â |